Potentially Inappropriate Use of Opioids in the Management of Migraine in Colombia.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: To identify the frequency of opioid use in a group of patients diagnosed with migraine in Colombia. METHODS: Study of a retrospective cohort of patients with a diagnosis of migraine and a first prescription of antimigraine drugs from emergency services and a priority outpatient clinic. Sociodemographic, clinical, and pharmacological variables were identified; a 12-month follow-up was carried out to identify the use of a new opioid. RESULTS: A total of 6309 patients with a diagnosis of migraine were identified, with a mean age of 35.5 ± 12.3 years, of which 81.3% were women. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (51.1%) were the most frequently prescribed medications, followed by ergotamine + caffeine (31.3%), acetaminophen (15.05%), and acetaminophen + codeine (14.4%). At the time of the index, 1300 (20.6%) patients received some opioid. During the follow-up, a total of 1437 (22.8%) patients received a new opioid, of which 31.8% belonged to the group that received an initial opioid and 20.4% to the group that did not receive one, which was statistically significant (OR:1.81; 95%CI:1.58-2.07; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The frequent use of opioids in the management of migraines is potentially inappropriate and can lead to problems of tolerance, abuse and dependence. This combined with the low prescription of triptans, offers an opportunity for improvements in medical practice.

Humoral Immune Response of Mice against a Vaccine Candidate Composed of a Chimera of gB of Bovine Alphaherpesviruses 1 and 5.

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and bovine meningoencephalitis are caused by Bovine alphaherpesvirus (BoHV) types 1 and 5, which seriously threaten the global cattle industry. Vaccination to improve immunity is the most direct and effective means to prevent these conditions. Glycoprotein B (gB) is essential for the attachment of both viruses to permissive cells, and is a major target of the host immune system, inducing a strong humoral response. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in a murine model, the immune response of a candidate vaccine formulation composed of a chimeric BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 gB (DgB), expressed in Komagataella phaffii. The chimeric DgB vaccine adjuvanted with Montanide 50 ISA V2 or aluminum hydroxide was administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously. A control group and a group that received a commercial vaccine were inoculated subcutaneously. Higher titers of neutralizing antibodies against BoHV-1, BoHV-5, and a natural BoHV-1/5 recombinant strain were obtained with the oil-based candidate vaccine formulation administered intramuscularly. The results demonstrated that the chimeric DgB conserved important epitopes that were able to stimulate a humoral immune response capable of neutralizing BoHV-1, BoHV-5, and the recombinant strain, suggesting that the vaccine antigen is a promising candidate to be further evaluated in cattle.

Functional Status of Patients over 65 Years Old Intervened on for a Hip Fracture One Year after the Operation.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of the functional status one year after a hip fracture surgery and the influence of sarcopenia and other clinical factors at the time of admission. METHOD: Prospective observational study with 135 patients over 65 years of age. Functional status of basic (modified Katz) and instrumental activities (Lawton and Brody) and walking ability (Functional Ambulation Classification, FAC) was measured on admission, at discharge, and telephonically one year later. The risk or positive screening of sarcopenia (SARC-F) and cognitive status (Pfeiffer), as well as clinical variables, were evaluated. RESULTS: 72% of patients are women; 36% have a risk of sarcopenia (Sarc-F ≥ 4), and 43% have moderate-severe cognitive impairment (Pfeiffer ≥ 5). Walking capacity at one year was closer to the values at admission more often in women than in men (0.2 ± 1.3 points vs. 0.9 ± 1.6; p = 0.001), as well as in patients without risk of sarcopenia versus sarcopenic patients (0.3 ± 1.2 points vs. 0.7 ± 1.7; p = 0.001), although their evolution did not show significant differences (p = 0.183). Instrumental activities after one year have not been recovered (1.7 ± 2.5 points; p = 0.032), and patients at risk of sarcopenia showed worse values (1.7 ± 1.9 points vs. 3.7 ± 2.7; p < 0.001) and worse evolution (p = 0.012). The evolution of basic activities varied according to the risk of sarcopenia (0.6 ± 1.4 points vs. 1.4 ± 2.1; p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Functional status at one year is related to the functional status at admission, the positive screening of sarcopenia, sex, and cognitive impairment of the patient. Knowing at the time of admission an estimate of the functional status at one year will help to reinforce the individual treatment of patients with a worse prognosis.

Letter Spacing Does not Affect Memory and Metamemory.

Some perceptual manipulations, such as font size or bolding, can affect the estimations of future memorability (i.e., judgments of learning or JOLs). In two experiments, we studied the effect on JOLs of another perceptual manipulation: the interletter spacing. Spacing may decrease JOLs via beliefs on the effect of spacing on memory, or it may increase JOLs via feelings of processing fluency. In Experiment 1, we found that people do not hold any particular belief on the effect of spacing on memory for a list of words. In Experiment 2, we found that letter spacing did not affect JOLs. We also replicated the results that participants believe that words in large font size will be better remembered and that they rate words in large font size with higher JOLs. In sum, this research showed that not all the perceptual characteristics are used as cues to metamemory.

Characterization and expression of domains of Alphaherpesvirus bovine 1/5 envelope glycoproteins B in Komagataella phaffi.

BACKGROUND: Bovine herpes virus (BoHV 1 and BoHV-5) are the causative agents of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR). IBR is responsible for important economic losses in the cattle industry. The envelope glycoprotein B (gB) is essential for BoHV infection of cattle's upper respiratory and genital tract. gB is one of the main candidate antigens for a potential recombinant vaccine since it induces a strong and persistent immune response. RESULTS: In this study, gB of BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 was characterized in terms of function, structure, and antigenicity through bioinformatics tools. gB showed conserved sequence and structure, so, both domains named PH Like 1 and 2 domains of each virus were selected for the design of a bivalent vaccine candidate. The immunoinformatic study showed that these two domains have epitopes recognizable by B and T lymphocytes, followed by this, the cDNA domains from BoHV-1/5 gB (Domains-gB) were transformed into the yeast Komagataella phaffii GS115 (previously known as Pichia pastoris). A recombinant protein with molecular weight of about 110 kDa was obtained from the culture media. The vaccine candidate protein (Domains-gB) was recognized by a monoclonal antibody from a commercial ELISA kit used for IBR diagnostic, which may suggest that the epitopes are conserved of the entire infectious virus. CONCLUSION: Overall, it was shown that the recombinant domains of BoHV-1/5 gB have antigenic and immunogenic properties similar to the native gB. This vaccine candidate is promising to be used in future studies to assess its immunogenicity in an animal model.

The neural circuits of monogamous behavior.

The interest in studying the neural circuits related to mating behavior and mate choice in monogamous species lies in the parallels found between human social structure and sexual behavior and that of other mammals that exhibit social monogamy, potentially expanding our understanding of human neurobiology and its underlying mechanisms. Extensive research has suggested that social monogamy, as opposed to non-monogamy in mammals, is a consequence of the neural encoding of sociosensory information from the sexual partner with an increased reward value. Thus, the reinforced value of the mate outweighs the reward value of mating with any other potential sexual partners. This mechanism reinforces the social relationship of a breeding pair, commonly defined as a pair bond. In addition to accentuated prosocial behaviors toward the partner, other characteristic behaviors may appear, such as territorial and partner guarding, selective aggression toward unfamiliar conspecifics, and biparental care. Concomitantly, social buffering and distress upon partner separation are also observed. The following work intends to overview and compare known neural and functional circuits that are related to mating and sexual behavior in monogamous mammals. We will particularly discuss reports on Cricetid rodents of the Microtus and Peromyscus genus, and New World primates (NWP), such as the Callicebinae subfamily of the titi monkey and the marmoset (Callithrix spp.). In addition, we will mention the main factors that modulate the neural circuits related to social monogamy and how that modulation may reflect phenotypic differences, ultimately creating the widely observed diversity in social behavior.

Effectiveness of 2 interventions for independent oral feeding in preterms.

INTRODUCTION: Oral feeding of preterm newborns (PTNB) is hampered by their immaturity and intercurrent diseases, which can prolong their hospital stay. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a program that combines tactile, kinesthetic and oral stimulation (T + K + OS) compared to another intervention based on exclusively oral stimulation (OS), in the time necessary to achieve independent feeding and hospital discharge. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A clinical study of 2 randomized groups (OS vs. T + K + OS) was carried out on 42 PTNB with gestational age between 27-32 weeks and birth weight > 900 g. The stimulation programs were carried out in sessions of 15 min, for 10 days. RESULTS: The PTNBs in the T + K + OS group achieved independent oral feeding earlier, compared to the OS group (24.9 ± 10.1 vs. 34.1 ± 15.6 days, P = .02). An analysis of covariance was performed, which confirmed that the birth weight and gestational age covariates had significant effects on time to reach suction feeding (birth weight: F[1, 38] = 5.79; P = .021; gestational age: F[1, 38] = 14.12; P = .001) and that once its effect was controlled, the intervention continued to have a significant effect (F[1, 38] = 6.07; P = .018). The T + K + OS group, compared to the OS group, achieved an earlier hospital discharge (39 ± 15 vs. 45 ± 18 days), although the differences were not significant (P = .21). CONCLUSIONS: Combined therapies that include T + K + OS are more effective than OS alone, in order to achieve independent oral feeding in PTNBs.

Eficacia de 2 intervenciones para la alimentación oral independiente en pretérminos / Effectiveness of 2 interventions for independent oral feeding in preterms

Introducción: La alimentación oral de los recién nacidos pretérmino (RNPT) está dificultada por su inmadurez y enfermedades intercurrentes, lo que puede prolongar su estancia hospitalaria. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la efectividad de un programa que combina la estimulación táctil, kinestésica y oral (ET+K+O) frente a otro de estimulación oral sola (EO), en el tiempo necesario para lograr la alimentación independiente y el alta hospitalaria. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio clínico de 2 grupos aleatorizados (EO vs. ET+K+O), realizado en 42 RNPT con una edad gestacional entre 27-32 semanas y un peso al nacimiento>900g. Los programas de estimulación fueron realizados en sesiones de 15min, durante 10 días. Resultados: Los RNPT del grupo de ET+K+O consiguieron antes la alimentación oral independiente, en comparación con el grupo de EO (24,9±10,1 vs. 34,1±15,6 días, p=0,02). Se realizó un análisis de covarianza, observando que las covariables PN y EG tuvieron efectos significativos en el tiempo hasta alcanzar la alimentación por succión (peso al nacimiento: F[1, 38]=5,79; p=0,021; edad gestacional: F[1, 38]=14,12; p=0,001) y que una vez controlado su efecto, la intervención seguía teniendo un efecto significativo (F[1, 38]=6,07; p=0,018). El grupo de ET+K+O, en comparación con el de EO, consiguió antes el alta hospitalaria (39±15 vs. 45±18 días), si bien la diferencia no fue significativa (p=0,21). Conclusiones: Las terapias combinadas que asocian ET+K+O son más eficaces que la EO sola, para lograr la alimentación oral independiente en los RNPT. (AU)

Introduction: Oral feeding of pre-term newborns (PTNB) is hampered by their immaturity and intercurrent diseases, which can prolong their hospital stay. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a program that combines tactile, kinesthetic and oral stimulation (T+K+OS) compared to another intervention based on exclusively oral stimulation (OS), in the time necessary to achieve independent feeding and hospital discharge. Patients and methods: A clinical study of 2 randomized groups (OS vs. T+K+OS) was carried out on 42 PTNB with gestational age between 27-32 weeks and birth weight>900g. The stimulation programs were carried out in sessions of 15min, for 10 days. Results: The PTNBs in the T+K+OS group achieved independent oral feeding earlier, compared to the OS group (24.9±10.1 vs. 34.1±15.6 days, P=.02). An analysis of covariance was performed, which confirmed that the birth weight and gestational age covariates had significant effects on time to reach suction feeding (birth weight: F[1, 38]=5.79; P=.021; gestational age: F[1, 38]=14.12; P=.001) and that once its effect was controlled, the intervention continued to have a significant effect (F[1, 38]=6.07; P=.018). The T+K+OS group, compared to the OS group, achieved an earlier hospital discharge (39±15 vs. 45±18 days), although the differences were not significant (P=.21). Conclusions: Combined therapies that include T+K+OS are more effective than OS alone, in order to achieve independent oral feeding in PTNBs. (AU)

Evidence of bovine leukemia virus circulating in sheep and buffaloes in Colombia: insights into multispecies infection.

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of leukemia/lymphoma in cattle. However, previous evidence has shown its presence in other species of livestock as well as in humans, suggesting that other species can be accidental hosts of the virus. In viral infections, receptors that are common to different animal species are proposed to be involved in cross-species infections. For BLV, AP3D1 has been proposed to be its receptor, and this protein is conserved in most mammalian species. In Colombia, BLV has been reported in cattle with high prevalence rates, but there has been no evidence of BLV infections in other animal species. In this study, we tested for the virus in sheep (n = 44) and buffaloes (n = 61) from different regions of Colombia by nested PCR, using peripheral blood samples collected from the animals. BLV was found in 25.7% of the animals tested (12 buffaloes and 15 sheep), and the results were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. In addition, to gain more information about the capacity of the virus to infect these species, the predicted interactions of AP3D1 of sheep and buffaloes with the BLV-gp51 protein were analyzed in silico. Conserved amino acids in the binding domains of the proteins were identified. The detection of BLV in sheep and buffaloes suggests circulation of the virus in multiple species, which could be involved in dissemination of the virus in mixed livestock production settings. Due to the presence of the virus in multiple species and the high prevalence rates observed, integrated prevention and control strategies in the livestock industry should be considered to decrease the spread of BLV.

Case report: Anterior open bite correction treatment by dental treatment and physical therapy through craniocervical mandibular and occlusal stabilization.

BACKGROUND: The opinion on whether a patient with an anterior open bite should be treated surgically or not is controversial. These patients generally suffer from associated discomfort due to their occlusal instability and musculoskeletal pain. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 60-year-old woman visited the clinic with dental mobility of her upper central incisors as her chief complaint. She had a severe anterior open bite, with a history of continuous grinding and multiple dental restorations in poor condition. Additionally, she suffered neck pain with movement restrictions. CONCLUSION: Dentists can evaluate and treat patients with an anterior open bite using this integrative model (physical therapy/dentistry) as a possible alternative as part of the treatment for anterior open bite patients.

Impresión 3D de modelos estereolitográficos con protocolo abierto / 3D Printing of Stereolithographic Models with Open Protocol

RESUMEN: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y exploratorio con el objetivo de proponer y validar un protocolo abierto para hacer impresiones 3D de modelos estereolitográficos, que esté a disposición de profesionales en el área de la Odontología. Se capacitó mediante sesiones teórico prácticas, a nueve personas operadoras (estudiantes de último año de la carrera de Odontología), sin previa experiencia en el uso de software y hardware para impresión 3D, divididos en dos grupos; el A trabajó con tres tomografías helicoidales (TAC) y el B con tres Tomografías Computarizadas de Haz Cónico (CBCT), todas en formato DICOM, convertidas en archivos STL. En total se aplicó el protocolo en 99 estructuras óseas correspondientes a 33 mandíbulas, 33 axis y 33 macizos faciales-bases de cráneo, y se imprimieron un total de 33 mandíbulas en filamento PLA (ácido poliláctico). Al finalizar el estudio, no se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la implementación del protocolo propuesto entre los operadores, las mediciones de las piezas impresas por cada uno de ellos, el patrón de oro, la TAC y el CBCT, con lo cual no solo se validó el protocolo, sino que se logró determinar los recursos necesarios para realizar este tipo de impresiones 3D.

ABSTRACT: A descriptive and exploratory study was carried out with the aim of proposing and validating an open protocol for making 3D impressions of stereolithographic models, which is available to professionals in the area of Dentistry. Nine operators (senior students of the Dentistry degree), without previous experience in the use of software and hardware for 3D printing, divided into two groups were trained through theoretical and practical sessions. The A worked with three helical tomographies (TAC) and the B with three cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), all in DICOM format, converted to STL files. In total, 99 bone structures corresponding to 33 jaws, 33 axis and 33 facial masses-skull bases were analyzed, and a total of 33 jaws were printed in PLA (polylactic acid filament). At the end of the study, no statistically significant difference was found in the implementation of the proposed protocol between the operators, the measurements of the pieces printed by each of them, the gold standard, the TAC and the CBCT, with which not only validated the protocol, but it was possible to determine the resources necessary to carry out this type of 3D printing.

Health-care guidelines and policies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico: A case of health-inequalities.

BACKGROUND: Heterogeneous government responses have been reported in reaction to COVID-19. The aim of this study is to generate an exploratory review of healthcare policies published during COVID-19 by health-care institutions in Mexico. Analyzing policies within different health sub-systems becomes imperative in the Mexican case due to the longstanding fragmentation of the health-care system and health inequalities. DATA AND METHODS: Policies purposely included in the analysis were published by four public health institutions (IMSS, ISSSTE, SSA and PEMEX) during the COVID-19 epidemic in Mexico (from February 29th to June 15th, 2020) on official institutional websites. Researchers reviewed each document and classified them into seven policy categories set by the Rapid Research Evaluation and Appraisal Lab (RREAL): public health response, health-care delivery, human resources, health-system infrastructure and supplies, clinical response, health-care management, and epidemiological surveillance. RESULTS: Policy types varied by health institution. The largest number of policies were aimed at public health responses followed by health-care delivery and human resources. Policies were mainly published during the community transmission phase. CONCLUSIONS: The pandemic exposed underlying health-care system inequalities and a reactive rather than prepared response to the outbreak. Additionally, this study outlines potential policy gaps and delays in the response that could be avoided in the future.

[Effectiveness of 2 interventions for independent oral feeding in pre-terms]. / Eficacia de 2 intervenciones para la alimentación oral independiente en pretérminos.

INTRODUCTION: Oral feeding of pre-term newborns (PTNB) is hampered by their immaturity and intercurrent diseases, which can prolong their hospital stay. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a program that combines tactile, kinesthetic and oral stimulation (T+K+OS) compared to another intervention based on exclusively oral stimulation (OS), in the time necessary to achieve independent feeding and hospital discharge. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A clinical study of 2 randomized groups (OS vs. T+K+OS) was carried out on 42 PTNB with gestational age between 27-32 weeks and birth weight>900g. The stimulation programs were carried out in sessions of 15min, for 10 days. RESULTS: The PTNBs in the T+K+OS group achieved independent oral feeding earlier, compared to the OS group (24.9±10.1 vs. 34.1±15.6 days, P=.02). An analysis of covariance was performed, which confirmed that the birth weight and gestational age covariates had significant effects on time to reach suction feeding (birth weight: F[1, 38]=5.79; P=.021; gestational age: F[1, 38]=14.12; P=.001) and that once its effect was controlled, the intervention continued to have a significant effect (F[1, 38]=6.07; P=.018). The T+K+OS group, compared to the OS group, achieved an earlier hospital discharge (39±15 vs. 45±18 days), although the differences were not significant (P=.21). CONCLUSIONS: Combined therapies that include T+K+OS are more effective than OS alone, in order to achieve independent oral feeding in PTNBs.

Niveles séricos de 25-hidroxivitamina D y su relación con síndrome metabólico en una población de hombres jóvenes no diabéticos / Serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and their relationship to metabolic syndrome in a population of young nondiabetic men

Resumen Introducción: los niveles no suficientes de vitamina D (VD) se han asociado a varias patologías no osteomusculares; sin embargo, es motivo de controversia si éstos se asocian a mayor prevalencia de síndrome metabólico (SM). Objetivo: determinar y comparar la frecuencia de insuficiencia y deficiencia de 25-hidroxivitamina D (25(OH)D) entre hombres jóvenes obesos no diabéticos y controles con peso normal, y su correlación con el estado de SM. Material y métodos: estudio de corte transversal, que incluyó 62 individuos con peso normal y 47 en obesidad, se determinaron los niveles séricos de 25(OH)D y se midieron parámetros antropométricos y bioquímicos para establecer criterios de SM. Resultados: de los 47 sujetos con obesidad, 25 tenían SM, mientas que ninguno de los sujetos de peso normal cumplía con dichos criterios. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a la presencia de síndrome en correlación con los niveles de vitamina D (p=0.94). La media de los niveles séricos de 25(OH)D para la población total fue 30.6±8.3 ng/ mL; en sujetos normopeso 30.8±8.5 ng/mL y entre los obesos con SM fue 30.1±9.2 ng/mL y sin SM de 30.6±7.5 ng/mL. Por otro lado no hubo una correlación significativa entre los parámetros individuales de síndrome metabólico y los niveles séricos de VD, tanto de manera global, como en el análisis por subgrupos. Conclusión: no hubo una correlación significativa entre los niveles séricos de 25(OH)D con el estado de SM, tampoco se identificó ningún tipo de correlación significativa entre éstos y los parámetros antropométricos y bioquímicos estudiados.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1323).

Abstract Introduction: insufficient levels of vitamin D (VD) have been associated with several non-musculoskeletal diseases. However, whether they are associated with a greater prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) is a matter of controversy. Objective: to determine and compare the frequency of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) insufficiency and deficiency in young, obese nondiabetic men and normal weight controls, and its correlation with metabolic syndrome. Material and methods: a cross-sectional study which included 62 normal weight and 47 obese individuals. Serum levels of 25(OH)D were ascertained and anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured to establish MS criteria. Results: of the 47 obese subjects, 25 had MS, while none of the normal weight subjects met the criteria. There were no statistically significant differences in the presence of the syndrome related to the vitamin D levels (p=0.94). The mean serum 25(OH)D level for the total population was 30.6±8.3 ng/mL; in normal weight subjects it was 30.8±8.5 ng/mL, in obese subjects with MS it was 30.1±9.2 ng/mL, and in obese subjects without MS it was 30.6±7.5 ng/mL. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between the individual MS parameters and serum VD, either globally or on subgroup analysis. Conclusion: there was no significant correlation between serum 25(OH)D levels and MS, nor was any significant correlation found between these and the anthropometric and biochemical parameters studied.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1323).

Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of bovine leukemia virus in Colombian cattle.

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is one of the five agents considered most significant for cattle. It is important to determine the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of BLV throughout the country in order to gain a more thorough understanding of the current situation of BLV and to reveal the possibility of masked genotypes that the primers used by OIE are unable to identify. Blood samples were collected at random from 289 cows distributed in 75 farms across the country. PCR amplification of env, gag and tax gene segments was performed. The obtained amplicons were sequenced and then subjected to phylogenetic analyses. A total of 62% of the cows present at 92% of the farms were BLV-positive for gag fragment. Genotype 1 was exclusively detected by env gene segment when analyzed using previously reported primers. However, tax gene analysis revealed circulation of genotype 6 variants, which were also detected based on env gene analysis with newly designed primers. These results indicate that current genotyping approaches based on partial env sequencing may bias BLV genetic variability approaches and underestimate the diversity of the detected BLV genotypes. This report is one of the first molecular and epidemiological studies of BLV conducted in Colombia, which contributes to the global epidemiology of the virus; it also highlights the substantial impact of BLV on the country's livestock and thus is a useful resource for farmers and government entities.

High prevalence of persistently infected animals from bovine viral diarrhea in Colombian cattle.

BACKGROUND: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is associated with gastrointestinal, respiratory and reproductive diseases of livestock across the world that causes continuous economic losses in the cattle industry. This virus can establish a persistent infection (PI) in calves after the fetal infection, making BVDV positive catle carriers and primary reservoirs which will constantly transmit the virus to healthy and new-born animals. For this reason, the detection of the PI animals in herds is the first line of prevention of the viral infection. RESULTS: In this study, PI animals were detected in five different regions of Colombia through RT-PCR techniques and confirmed by sequencing. BVDV genotypes were determined using one fragment of the 5'UTR. It was found a 7% BVDV prevalence in animals and 22% in farms; and genotype 1 was identified as a single genotype for all of the samples. All samples were BVDV 1a. CONCLUSION: This is the first report in Colombia with higher prevalence rates compared with other places in the world, turned out to be of great importance for the ranchers, the vaccine producers and animal health control parties.

Polyglandular syndrome type 2 in a Mexican family and its association with human leukocyte antigen.

The evaluation of first-degree family members is very important to detect additional cases of polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type 2. The genetic evaluation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) may be useful in the study of this syndrome. This study is the first report of an HLA study of this syndrome in a Mexican family.

Decreased rotavirus infection of MA104 cells via probiotic extract binding to Hsc70 and ß3 integrin receptors / Disminución de la infección por rotavirus en células MA104 por la unión de proteínas de extractos probióticos a receptores celulares integrina ß3 y Hsc70 / Diminuição da infecção por rotavírus em células MA104 pela união de proteínas de extratos probióticos a receptores integrina ß3 e Hsc70

Abstract Probiotic bacteria are microorganisms beneficial to human health, useful to improving biological conditions. Thanks to probiotic bacteria the symptoms of viral infections can be alleviated. Different mechanisms whereby probiotic bacteria exert they antiviral effect have been proposed. The aim of this study was to determine whether probiotic bacteria extracts bind to receptors of host cells susceptible of rotavirus (RV) infection. To accomplish this objective, four probiotic bacterial strains of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. were tested. Probiotic extracts were obtained after bacterial growth, cell lysis and centrifugation. Obtained probiotic extracts were used in assays to interfere with adhesion and penetration of a RV strain in the mammal cell line MA104. Furthermore, the interaction between probiotic extracts and MA104 cell receptors was evaluated by co-immunoprecipitation assays using anti-β3-integrins and anti-Hsc70 antibodies. All four probiotic, protein-rich, extracts reduced RV infections in MA104 cells, suggesting a successful antiviral activity mediated by these probiotic extracts. All probiotic extracts significantly exerted their antiviral activity by interfering with RV adhesion on MA104 cell receptors, with proteins in probiotic extracts competitively interacting with cell surface receptors necessary to RV infection. Co-immunoprecipitation assay results showed that proteins in probiotic extracts were able to bind to β3-integrinsand Hsc70, which are two cellular receptors required to viral infection. The most significant contribution of this study is an insight into the mechanisms of probiotic antiviral activity, thus expanding current probiotics fundamental knowledge.

Resumen Las bacterias probióticas son microorganismos con efectos positivos en la salud humana, gracias a las bacterias probióticas los síntomas de infecciones virales pueden mitigarse. Al respecto, varios mecanismos antivirales de las bacterias probióticas han sido propuestos. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar, de manera experimental, si extractos de bacterias probióticas reducen la infección rotavírica al interferir con la unión entre el rotavirus y sus receptores celulares blanco. Extractos de cuatro cepas probióticas de Lactobacillus spp. y Bifidobacterium spp. fueron obtenidos a partir de cultivos bacterianos lisados y centrifugados. Cada uno de los extractos fue usado en experimentos para determinar si estos interfieren con la adhesión y penetración del rotavirus en células de mamífero MA104. Además, la interacción entre extractos probióticos y receptores de las células MA104 fue evaluada con ensayos de co-inmunoprecipitación, usando anticuerpos anti-integrina β3 y anti-Hsc70. Se observó que los cuatro extractos probióticos, ricos en proteínas, redujeron significativamente la infección de rotavirus en las células MA104. También se estableció que la que la actividad antiviral de los extractos probióticos es mediada por la interacción competitiva de sus proteínas con los receptores integrina β3 y Hsc70 de las células MA104, necesarios para iniciar la infección por rotavirus. Estos hallazgos constituyen un aporte al conocimiento de los mecanismos básicos de acción antiviral de las bacterias probióticas.

Resumo Bactérias probióticas são microrganismos com efeitos positivos na saúde humana, úteis na melhora de certas condições biológicas. Gracas a bactérias probióticas os sintomas de uma infecção viral podem ser aliviados. Diferentes mecanismos pelos quais as bactérias probióticas exercem seus efeitos antivirales têm sido propostos. O objetivo de este estudo foi determinar se extratos de bactérias probióticas reduzem a infecção de rotavírus (RV) ao interferir com a união entre o RV e seus receptores celulares alvo. Quatro cepas probióticas de Lactobacillus spp. e Bifidobacterium spp. foram testadas. Os extratos probióticos foram obtidos após o crescimento bacteriano, lise celular e centrifugação. Os extratos probióticos obtidos foram utilizados em ensaios para determinar se interferem com a adesão e penetração de uma cepa de RV em células de mamífero MA104. Adicionalmente, a interação entre os extratos probióticos e os receptores das células MA104 foi avaliada por ensaios de co-imunoprecipitação usando anticorpos anti-integrina β3 e anti- Hsc70. Os quatro extratos probióticos, ricos em proteínas, reduziram as infecções por RV em células MA104, sugerindo uma atividade antiviral mediada por estes extratos. Todos os extratos interferiram na adesão do RV aos receptores de células MA104, sendo que as proteínas presentes nos extratos mostraram uma interação competitiva com os receptores integrina β3 e Hsc70 das células MA104, necessários para iniciar a infecção por RV. Estes resultados contribuem para o conhecimento dos mecanismos básicos de ação antiviral de bactérias probióticas.

In silico and in vitro analysis of boAP3d1 protein interaction with bovine leukaemia virus gp51.

The envelope glycoprotein 51 (gp51) is essential for bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) entry to bovine B-lymphocytes. Although the bovine adaptor protein 3 complex subunit delta-1 (boAP3D1) has been proposed as the potential receptor, the specific ligand-receptor interaction has not yet been completely defined and boAP3D1 receptor and gp51 3D structures have not been determined. This study was thus aimed at a functional annotation of boAP3D1 cellular adaptor protein and BLV gp51 and, proposing a reliable model for gp51-AP3D1 interaction using bioinformatics tools. The boAP3D1 receptor interaction patterns were calculated based on models of boAP3D1 receptor and gp51 complexes' 3D structures, which were constructed using homology techniques and data-driven docking strategy. The results showed that the participation of 6 key amino acids (aa) on gp51 (Asn170, Trp127, His115, Ala97, Ser98 and Glu128) and 4 aa on AP3D1 (Lys925, Asp807, Asp695 and Arg800) was highly probable in the interaction between gp51 and BLVR domains. Three gp51 recombinant peptides were expressed and purified to validate these results: the complete domain (rgp51), the N-terminal portion (rNgp51) and the C-terminal fragment (rCgp51); and binding assays to Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells were then carried out with each recombinant. It was found that rNgp51 preferentially bound to MDBK cells, suggesting this domain's functional role during invasion. The rNgp51-MDBK cell interaction was sensitive to trypsin (98% reduction) and chymotrypsin treatment (80% reduction). These results highlighted that the N-terminal portion of gp51 interacted in vitro with the AP3D1 receptor and provides a plausible in silico interaction model.

Serum Galanin Levels in Young Healthy Lean and Obese Non-Diabetic Men during an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.

Galanin (GAL) is a neuropeptide involved in the homeostasis of energy metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the serum levels of GAL during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in lean and obese young men. This cross-sectional study included 30 obese non-diabetic young men (median 22 years; mean BMI 37 kg/m(2)) and 30 healthy lean men (median 23 years; mean BMI 22 kg/m(2)). Serum GAL was determined during OGTT. The results of this study include that serum GAL levels showed a reduction during OGTT compared with basal levels in the lean subjects group. Conversely, serum GAL levels increased significantly during OGTT in obese subjects. Serum GAL levels were also higher in obese non-diabetic men compared with lean subjects during fasting and in every period of the OGTT (p < 0.001). Serum GAL levels were positively correlated with BMI, total fat, visceral fat, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, triglycerides and Leptin. A multiple regression analysis revealed that serum insulin levels at 30, 60 and 120 minutes during the OGTT is the most predictive variable for serum GAL levels (p < 0.001). In conclusion, serum GAL levels are significantly higher in the obese group compared with lean subjects during an OGTT.